Letters on Different Subjects in Natural Philosophy, Volume 1 (Letters to a German Princess)

by Leonhard Euler

Genres:
Astronomy, physics & mechanics
Languages:
English
Provider: Librivox
Price: $0.00
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The Letters of Euler to a German Princess have acquired over all Europe a celebrity to which the reputation of the Author, the choice and importance of the several subjects, and the clearness of elucidation justly entitle them. They have deservedly been considered as a treasury of science, adapted to the purposes of every common seminary of learning. They may be studied to advantage without much previous elementary knowledge; they convey accurate ideas respecting a variety of objects, highly interesting in themselves, or calculated to excite a laudable curiosity; they inspire a proper taste for the sciences, and for that sound philosophy which, supported by science, and never losing sight of her cautious, steady, methodical advances, runs no risk of perplexing or misleading the attentive student. - Summary by Nicolas de Condorcet

Chapters

Of Magnitude, or Extension

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Of Velocity

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Of Sound, and Its Velocity

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Of Consonance and Dissonance

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Of Unison and Octaves

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Of Other Consonances

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Of the Twelve Tones of the Harpsichord

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Of the Pleasure Derived from Fine Music

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Compression of the Air

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Rarefaction and Elasticity of the Air

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Gravity of the Air

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Of the Atmosphere, and the Barometer

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Of Air-Guns, and the Compression of Air in Gunpowder

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The Effect Produced by Heat and Cold on All Bodies, and Of, the Pyrometer and Thermometer

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Changes Produced in the Atmosphere by Heat and Cold

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The Cold Felt on High Mountains and at Great Depths Accounted For

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Of Light, and the Systems of Descartes and Newton

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Difficulties Attending the System of Emanation

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A Different System Respecting the Nature of Rays and of Light Proposed

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Of the Propagation of Light

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Digression on the Distances of the Heavenly Bodies, and on the Nature of the Sun and His Rays

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Elucidations on the Nature of Luminous Bodies, and Their Difference from Opaque Bodies Illuminated

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How Opaque Bodies Become Visible Newton's System of the Reflection of Rays Proposed

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Examination and Refutation of Newton's System

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A Different Explanation of the Manner in Which Opaque Bodies Illuminated Become Visible

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Continuation of the Same Subject

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Conclusion: Clearness and Colour of Opaque Bodies Illuminated

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Nature of Colours in Particular

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Transparency of Bodies Relative to the Transmission of Rays

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Of the Transmission of Rays of Light Through Transparent Mediums, and Their Refraction

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Refraction of Rays of Different Colours

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Of the Azure Colour of the Heavens

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Of Rays Issuing from a Distant Luminous Point, and of the Visual Angle

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Of the Assistance Which Judgment Lends to Vision

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Explanation of Certain Phenomena Relative to Optics

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Of Shadow

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Of Catoptrics, and the Reflection of Rays from Plain Mirrors

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Reflection of Rays from Convex and Concave Mirrors Burning Mirrors

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Of Dioptrics

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Continuation of Burning — Glasses, and Their Focus

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Of Vision, and the Structure of the Eye

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Continuation Wonders Discoverable in the Structure of the Eye

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Further Continuation Astonishing Difference Between the Eye of an Animal and the Artificial Eye, or Camera Obscura

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Perfections Discoverable in the Structure of the Eye

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Of Gravity, Considered as a General Property of Body

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Continuation of Specific Gravity

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Terms Relative to Gravity and Their True Import

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Reply to Certain Objections to the Erath's Spherical Figure, Derived from Gravity

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True Direction and Action of Gravity Relatively to the Earth

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Different Action of Gravity with Respect to Certain Countries and Distances from the Centre of the Earth

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Gravity of the Moon

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Discovery of Universal Gravitation by Newton

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Continuation of the Mutual Attraction of the Heavenly Bodies

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Different Sentiments of Philosophers Respecting Universal Gravitation the Attractionists

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Power by Which the Heavenly Bodies an Mutually Attracted

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The Same Subject Continued

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Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Method of Determining It by the Laws of Universal Gravitation

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System of the Universe

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Small Irregularities in the Motions of the Planets, Caused by Their Mutual Attraction

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Description of the Flux and Reflux of the Sea

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Different Opinions of Philosophers Respecting the Flux and Reflux of the Sea

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Explanation of the Flux and Reflux, from the Attractive Power of the Moon

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More Particular Account of the Dispute Respecting Universal Gravitation

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Nature and Essence of Bodies or Extension, Mobility, and Impenetrability of Body

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Impenetrability of Bodies

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Of the Motion of Bodies, Real and Apparent

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Of Uniform, Accelerated, and Retarded Motion

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Principal Law of Motion and Rest Disputes of Philosophers on the Subject

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Of the Inertia of Bodies of Powers

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Changes Which May Take Place in the State of Bodies

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System of the Monads of Wolff

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Origin and Nature of Powers

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The Same Subject Principle of the Least Possible Action

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On the Question, are There Any Other Species of Powers?

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Of the Nature of Spirits

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Of the Union Between the Soul and the Body

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Different Systems Relative to This Subject

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Examination of the System of Pre-Established Harmony an Objection to It

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Another Objection

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Of the Liberty of Spirits, and a Reply to Objections Against Liberty

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Tne Same Subject Continued

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Influence of the Liberty of Spirits Upon Events

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Of Events Natural, Supernatural, and Moral

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Of the Question Respecting the Best World Possible; and of the Origin of Evil

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Connexion of the Preceding Considerations with Religion Reply to the Objections of the Philosophical Systems Against Prayer

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The Liberty of Intelligent Beings in Harmony with the Doctrines of the Christian Religion

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Elucidation Respecting the Nature of Spirits

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The Subject Continued Reflections on the State of Souls After Death

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Considerations on the Action of the Soul Upon the Body, and of the Body Upon the Soul

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Of the Faculties of the Soul, and of Judgment

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Conviction of the Existence of What We Perceive by the Senses of the Idealists, Egotists, and Materialists

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Refutation of the Idealists

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The Faculty of Perceiving, Reminiscence, Memory, and Attention Simple and Compound Ideas

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Division of Ideas into Clear and Obscure, Distinct and Confused of Distraction

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Of the Abstraction of Notions Notions General and Individual: of Genus and Species

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Of Language; Its Nature, Advantages, and Necessity, in Order to the Communication of Thought, and the Cultivation of Knowledge

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Of the Perfections of a Language Judgment and Nature of Propositions, Affirmative and Negative, Universal or Particular

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Of Syllogisms, and Their Different Forms When the First Proposition is Universal

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Different Forms of Syllogisms Whose First Proposition is Particular

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100

Analysis of Some Syllogisms

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101

Different Figures and Modes of Syllogisms

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102

Observations and Reflections on the Different Modes of Syllogism

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103

Hypothetical Propositions, and Syllogisms Constructed of Them

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104

Of the Impression of Sensations on the Soul

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105

Of the Origin and Permission of Evil, and of Sin

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106

Of Moral and Physical Evil

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107

Reply to Complaints of the Existence of Physical Evil

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108

The Real Destination of Man Usefulness and Necessity of Adversity

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109

Of True Happiness. Conversion of Sinners. Reply to Objections on the Subject

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110

The True Foundation of Human Knowledge Sources of Truth, and Classes of Information Derived from It

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111

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112

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113

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114

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115

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